Chronic Mercury Toxicity

Introductory Remarks

I knew of chronic mercury toxicity from my teacher Dr. Klinghardt back in 2001, however, at that time I was skeptical. I questioned why conventional medical practitioners had never even considered it as a possible cause of so many different psychiatric and physical conditions? My patients opened my eyes as they got well against all odds.

When I began to review the literature and talk to people around the globe about their experiences with chelation, I realized how widespread the problems caused by chronic heavy metal toxicity had become. But more importantly, I found that the conditions are entirely treatable!!! Even when chelation is done for a very limited time there is a remarkable 72% + improvement, and the improvements last for years without further treatment. There are no other psychiatric treatments that are this effective, nor are there many other examples of such improvement in medical conditions as a whole. Before embarking on a life-long road of taking multiple medications with frustrating costly side effects, we may need to consider if we should remove amalgam fillings and go through a process of chelation instead.

This review is written for my patients who are contemplating whether or not this treatment is right for them. This review is far from being complete. My hope is to give some information that can then encourage people to do more research before they make their final decision.

So please, review the facts, studies, observations and clinical examples I have assembled for you. When you are ready, if you consider it appropriate for you, we can start the process of chelation.

Where does "mad as a hatter" saying come from?

Mercury was introduced into hat making in France in the 17th century. It was a notoriously dangerous profession. The manufacturing of hats from fur entails a process known as felting, in which the hair was cut from pelt (usually that of a rabbit), laid layer upon layer on a conical mould, and pressed and shrunk with the steam of hot water. The advantage of using mercuric nitrates in felting was that it made the outer stiff hairs on the pelt soft and limp, and twisted and roughened them so that they packed together more easily. In Britain the process came to be known as carrotting because treatment with mercuric salts turned white fur reddish brown.

The pelts were dipped into mercuric nitrates in poorly ventilated rooms and so common were the symptoms of mercurialism that terms such as "the hatters’ shakes" and "mad as a hatter" were used in everyday speech.

In 1805, John Pearson coined the term Erethism which was used to encompass the manifestations of mercury toxicity: excessive timidity, diffidence, increasing shyness, loss of self confidence, anxiety and a desire to be unobserved and unobtrusive. The victim had a pathological fear of ridicule and often reacted with an explosive loss of temper when criticized.

Erethism
(G. erithismos, irritation) — an abnormal state of agitation or excitement. [Steadman’s Medical Dictionary]
The psychotic symptoms of mercury poisoning had been described in the Eighteenth Century, when mercurial ointments were used in the treatment of syphilis: a night with Venus being followed by a lifetime with Mercury.

Business boomed because everyone then wore hats! Hats were indicators of gender, occupation, social status, season, interests, and personality. Abraham Lincoln's famous stovepipe hats were made of beaver felt. At the peak of the industry, five million hats a year were produced in 56 different factories in Danbury.

"Sea of Hats", circa 1919, courtesy of the Danbury Historical Society.

Better to suffer than give up trade.

In 1934, following intense objections from hatters’ labor unions, a major scientific study was performed and documented mercury poisoning in hatters. Processes to mat felt that did not include mercury were developed, and by 1943 all use of mercury in hat making ceased.

Currently, dentistry is a profession exposed to mercury. Dentists have intensely objected to removing Hg from their trade, similar to the hatter’s union in the beginning of the 20th century. Mercury toxicity is a significant health hazard to the dentistry profession. But, where hatters were endangering only themselves, dentists are putting their patients at risk also.

How Mercury Causes Brain Neuron Degeneration

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5-minute video, copyright University of Calgary 2001

Smoking Teeth = Poison Gas

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42-minute video, copyright 2005 David Kennedy, DDS

"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland"

The term "mad hatter" was used in the portrayal of a character in Lewis Carroll’s "Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland". The Mad Hatter was an eccentric extrovert always obsessed with time. His watch, which he shook and looked at constantly, told only the day not the hour; it was two days late, a result of the March Hare’s putting butter in the works. This was an unending regret to him, as was his quarrel with Time, who, so he told Alice, was him not it. But his portrayal as a "mad hatter" was not accurate medically.

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Mercury — chemical characteristics

Mercury (Hg) is the only metal that is liquid in home temperature in its elemental form and is considered the most toxic metal on the planet, second only to plutonium.

Chemical forms of mercury are designated as: Hg, Hg, Hg²
Hg (vapor) and Hg² (alkyl mercury) are the most neurotoxic (toxic to our nerve cells). They can easily penetrate blood-brain barrier, meaning they can reach our brain and poison it.

Hg — which comes under the names of elemental mercury, quicksilver, and liquid metallic mercury, is poorly absorbed by ingestion and skin contact. Even upon swallowing, it may not cause significant toxicity. However, its potential danger comes from its ability to release mercury vapor. It is known that 50% of amalgam (silver) dental fillings consist of elemental mercury. The mercury constantly evaporates, thereby creating toxic effects. (Connection to Smoking Teeth movie)

Hg Inorganic mercury compounds — mercury salts, like Mercury Chloride (Calomel) were used in teething powder in the first part of the 20th century. Its use started an epidemic among infants and young children causing Acrodynia: it caused erythema of extremities, chest and nose, polyneuritis and GI symptoms. The epidemic ended after Calomel was removed in 1954. This is an example of an iatrogenic condition (a disease caused by a treatment itself).

Hg² Organic mercury compounds, come in two forms:

Methyl mercury — accumulates in fish muscles and is extremely toxic. The FDA and EPA advise women of child-bearing age, nursing mothers, and young children to completely avoid swordfish, shark, king mackerel and tilefish (golden bass), to limit consumption of albacore ("white") tuna to no more than 6 oz (170 g) per week, and of all other fish and shellfish to no more than 12 oz (340 g) per week.

"Psychiatric Aspects of methyl mercury poisoning" was the title of an article published by H.I. Maghazaji in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1074, 34, 954-958. During the early months of 1972, cases of mercury poisoning were reported among farming communities in Iraq following the ingestion of grain treated with methyl mercury fungicide. There were 6530 cases admitted to the hospitals and 450 hospital deaths attributed to mercury poisoning. Among them, 43 patients were studied by the author. 74% of them showed symptoms of depression, lack of interest, deficient concentration and a desire to be alone. Other symptoms included nihilistic delusions, self deprecations (uncommon in depressed Iraqi patients) and insomnia. 44% of the patients had symptoms of irritability. Other symptoms observed were: auditory and visual hallucinations and intense fears. Treatment with D-penicillamine, DMPS, Thiol resine and other agents was administered. There was a general clinical improvement in the mental state of most patients with psychiatric manifestation. There was also remarkable improvement in patients with moderate or severe neurological abnormalities: bed-ridden patients because of ataxia became ambulatory, almost-blind patients regained visual acuity, and others with peripheral sensory loss improved considerably.

It is remarkable that we have such effective tools to deal with severe psychiatric and neurological complications, presuming that they are diagnosed and treated appropriately.

Ethyl mercury — Thiomersal is used as a topical antiseptic and a vaccine preservative. Thiomersal was introduced in medicine before the FDA was established; therefore it was grandfathered without rigorous testing. There was only one study done to prove its safety. All of the participants in this study who were given a vaccine with Thiomersal have since died, but their deaths were attributed to other causes; therefore Thiomersal was deemed to be safe. Over the years Thiomersal has caused considerable controversy. Veterinarians removed it from animal vaccines in the 1980s, but yet it continues to be considered safe for humans.

Thiomersal has been implicated as a possible cause of autism. Due to very committed community-based activism, it was removed from many vaccines used in children in 2001, but it still remains a preservative in many vaccines used for adults. The Center of Disease Control (CDC) has been in the process of reviewing the use of Thiomersal as a vaccine preservative and is reconsidering the increase in the number of vaccinations administered to children. This review is being done partially because of recent increases in litigation from parents of children with autism, and partially because of the emergence of multiple studies pointing to the fact that the increase in the number of vaccinations is coinciding with the current autism epidemic. I went through my five years of residency and fellowship in the Eighties without seeing a single case of autism and I am astonished to see so many cases now.

In his book "Healing the New Childhood Epidemics: Autism, ADHD, Asthma and Allergies", Kenneth Bock, M.D. compares the symptoms of autism with mercury poisoning victims and finds them to be almost identical.

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Symptoms of Autism

compared with those of Mercury Poisoning

Symptom Autism Mercury Poisoning
Movement Disorders Clumsiness, slow physical development, and difficulty swallowing. Clumsiness, impaired development, and difficulty chewing and swallowing.
Movement Characteristics Arm flapping, repetitive movements, abnormal gait, and walking on the toes. Arm flapping, rocking, and walking on the toes.
Sensory Problems Sound sensitivity, touch avoidance, and distractibility. Sound sensitivity, touch avoidance, and abnormal sensations in the mouth and limbs.
Speech and Language Problems Delayed speech, tendency to be verbally inarticulate, and difficulty in being clearly understood. Loss of ability to speak, tendency to be verbally inarticulate, and difficulty in being clearly understood.
Cognitive Pathologies Inattentiveness, poor cognitive processing, inability to grasp abstraction, and poor concentration. Decreased intelligence, poor cognitive processing, and difficulty understanding words.
Physical Disorders Poor muscle strength, dermatitis, bowel disorders, allergies, asthma, and autoimmune disorders. Poor muscle strength, dermatitis and skin problems, bowel disorders, allergies, asthma, and autoimmune disorders.

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Sources of mercury exposure

  • Dental Amalgam
  • Fish, especially tuna, marlin and shark
  • Pesticides, fungicides
  • Paint, especially marine
  • Mercurial skin creams
  • Broken mercury thermometers with inadequate removal
  • Thiomersal (medical preservative)
  • Medical and scientific calibration instruments (manometers)
  • Sites of devastating accidents, such as 9/11
  • Fluorescent light tubes, especially older models
  • Geothermal or geological polluted drinking water
  • Industrial air pollution from coal fired power stations
  • Crematoria and environs
Nearly 80% of the world’s dental carriers are filled with dental amalgam (silver fillings). This unstable alloy contains approximately 50% mercury which continuously releases elemental mercury. Amalgam is estimated to contribute, on average, 50% of total Hg exposure from all sources.

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Dentists and amalgam fillings

If you talk to most of the contemporary practicing dentists about amalgam fillings, you may get an unsettling impression. According to many of them, amalgam fillings in your mouth are not dangerous and can cause no toxicity. Therefore they feel it is absolutely safe to put them in your mouth, particularly in places where it is difficult to reach. Amalgam fillings are inexpensive and cost effective. Most dentists have no hesitation putting them into their own mouths, or the mouths of their loved ones. Dentists are usually unaware of any professional risks to their own health; they do not hesitate to work with mercury: mixing, drilling or replacing amalgam fillings. In many clinics, particularly publicly funded ones, amalgam fillings are your only choice. Some dentists do not even hesitate to put a metal crown on top of an existing amalgam filling.

However, the story may change if you want to replace amalgam fillings. Dentists may point out that during the process you may develop significant side effects and they are reluctant to replace the fillings. In addition, insurance companies consider amalgam removal and replacement to be only of cosmetic value. When teeth containing amalgam are extracted they are treated as a very poisonous entity and must be disposed of as highly toxic material. When mercury is delivered to the office there is a skull and cross bones sign indicating material of extreme danger. But ironically, when in your mouth, dangerous mercury miraculously transforms into a safe material.

Unfortunately most of the dentists are refusing to reconcile the current situation and become quite frustrated when it is discussed. In addition to keeping rank and file in order, quite a few dentists have lost their licenses when supporting the validity of toxicity poisoning due to amalgam fillings.

Dentistry itself is a profession at risk. In a case report study by a dentist regarding mercury toxicity in his patients, the following emotional symptoms were described:

  • Irritability, critical excitability, fearfulness, restlessness, melancholy, depression, timidity, fatigue, weakness, indecisiveness, headaches, hopelessness- futile attitude about future.
    D. Lesesne Smith, Jr. “Mental effects of mercury poisoning” Southern Medical Journal, 1978, Aug, 904-905
Like hatters before them, dentists are adamantly resisting any changes to their professional practice, even though devastating health issues are affecting them and their clients.

The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) considers amalgam fillings to be prosthesis and has been refusing to regulate its content.

But a political /scientific/practical approach has been evolving in western countries in the last twenty years.

For example, in 1996 Canada’s advisory on amalgam included the manufacturer’s listed contra-indications, i.e. No amalgam is allowed:

  • in children under 7
  • with other metals
  • under crowns
  • in pregnant or breast feeding women
  • in those with reduced kidney function
  • in people with hypersensitivity to amalgam
Bowing to pressure, in 1997 amalgam manufacturers of dental amalgam, Dentsply-Caulk and Ivoclar-Vivadent, altered their Manufacture Safety Data Sheets for Germany and California to include the following adverse health effects from chronic inhalation and/or ingestion of mercury:

tremor, fatigue, headaches, irritability, excitability, depression, insomnia, loss of memory, hallucinations, psychiatric disorders, mental deterioration and resentment to criticism, bronchitis, kidney failure, chest pain and palpitations, colitis, dermatitis, blood disorder, infertility and birth defects.

Theoretically speaking, it would mean that if you are in Los Angeles, your dentist must warn you about potential side effects of amalgam fillings, but if you are in New York he has no such legal obligation.

How many amalgam fillings are too much?

My opinion is that even one is too many. But in the G. M. Richardson study; "Monte Carlo Assessment of Mercury Exposure and Risks from Dental Amalgam" (Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: Vol. 2, No 4, pp.- 709-761, 1996.) he came to a different conclusion. Authors of this study assumed that a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of mercury is 0.014 µg Hg/kg body weight/day is safe. Therefore based on the least conservative numbers of amalgam-filled teeth estimated not to compromise health, they consider it was safe to place: 1 filling in toddlers; 1 filling in children; 3 fillings in teens; 4 fillings in adults. Of course these numbers are based on complicated mathematical formulas and may have little to do with an individual person.

Who is responsible for protecting the public from mercury toxicity?

If you look at legal cases, nobody is responsible. Let’s look at cases that were tried in court:

The American Dental Association (ADA), in court: "The ADA owes no legal duty of care to protect the public from allegedly dangerous products used by dentists. The ADA did not manufacture, design, supply or install the mercury-containing amalgams." (Case No. 718229, Superior Court of the State of California In and For the County of Santa Clara, October 22, 1992)

The ADA does NOT certify mixed dental amalgam: "The specification is not for dental amalgam. It is only for the alloy for dental amalgam. The amalgam does not form until the dentist mixes the alloy with mercury. Therefore, dental amalgam per se cannot be certified. We cannot certify a reaction product made by the dentist." (ADA letter, May 22, 1986).

The FDA has NOT accepted and classified dental amalgam! FDA has accepted and classified only "Dental Mercury" and "Amalgam Mercury" to protect the manufacturers. (See website for approved dental devices!) FDA says: "FDA regulates the manufacture of medical devices. No manufacturer produces mixed dental amalgams. The mixed dental amalgam is prepared by dental clinicians." (FDA letter, April 2, 1991)

But situations have been changing in the last twenty years. In several European countries where there is socialized medicine, amalgam fillings are prohibited.

In June, 2008 the Food and Drug Administration agreed to set a date to classify mercury amalgam as a substance that poses a health risk to pregnant women and unborn babies, and children. This is a settlement in response to a lawsuit: Moms against Mercury et al. v. Von Eschenbach. As part of the settlement, the FDA agreed to and, with uncharacteristic speed, has already changed its website— dramatically. The Updated June 3, 2008 FDA website now states, for example:
"Dental amalgams contain mercury, which may have neurotoxic effects on the nervous systems of developing children and fetus." "Pregnant women and persons who may have a health condition that makes them more sensitive to mercury exposure, including individuals with existing high levels of mercury bioburden, should not avoid seeking dental care, but should discuss options with their health practitioner."

For more information see http://www.mercurypolicy.org/.

Additional risks of amalgam fillings

Amalgam fillings consist of 50% amalgam and 50% alloys of other metals which are also toxic to the body. The combination of different metals creates a much higher toxicity than just the sum of two or more metals; they markedly increase the cumulative toxic effect.

As mercury evaporates from amalgam fillings it creates space for cavitations and chronic dental infections. So, amalgam is a poor dental material as well.

The risks of amalgam fillings can dramatically increase if other metal alloys are put into the mouth, like gold or steel. It creates a galvanic flow (electrical/chemical flow) in the mouth and accelerates the release of toxic metals from the alloys.

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Forms of mercury toxicity

Acute toxicity

  • Environmental, industrial accidents, or terrorist acts (9/11)
  • Accidents – broken Hg thermometers or Hg lamps
  • Iatrogenic (caused by medical treatment itself): vaccinations with ethyl mercury (controversial) and other medications

Chronic toxicity

  • Amalgam fillings
  • Professional hazards — work in dental office
  • Passing from mother — through placenta and through breast feeding
  • Consuming contaminated food (large predatory fish)
  • Polluted environment
  • Multiple vaccinations (controversial)

How Mercury Causes Brain Neuron Degeneration

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5 minute video, copyright University of Calgary 2001

Signs of mercury toxicity

Gross

Ataxia, intention tremors, uncoordinated, dysarrthria (inarticulate speech), psychomotor retardation

Subtle

  • Motor affects: progressing incoordination, imbalance and fine motor tremors in muscles that perform fine motor control like fine tremors of the tongue, lips or outstretched fingers.
  • Hypersalivation (excessive saliva) with pooling of saliva
  • Cold but erythematosus (reddish) hands and feet
  • Unstable, changeable mood (emotional lability)
  • Insidious loss of mental capacity (progressively affecting memory and logical reasoning)
A personality characterized by irritability, anxiety, depression, and restlessness, with lapses in concentration, memory and cognitive function

When to suspect mercury toxicity

  • Clinical picture which is characterized by: neurological, psychiatric symptoms or unexplained symptoms, like fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, treatment resistant depression, anxiety or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
  • Mercury fillings in childhood and adolescence, or more than 3 fillings in adulthood
  • Metal taste
  • Tremor
  • Erethism

How come some people have toxicity issues and others do not?

We all are different. There are several factors involved that can affect how and if we manifest symptoms of toxicity:
  1. How exposed we are to toxic metals:
    1. how many fillings we have in our mouth;
    2. how big they are, or how early in life they were put in;
    3. how much large predatory fish we are consuming;
    4. are there other metals in our mouth, such as gold or metal crowns;
    5. are we consuming any other heavy metals in foods or from our surrounding environment?
  2. Is our body overloaded with different toxins that prevent us from being able to excrete them appropriately?
  3. Does our diet support healthy defenses and elimination?
  4. Are we under excessive stress psychologically, spiritually and/or physically?
  5. Was our health affected by excessive vaccinations negatively affecting our immune system?
  6. Were we physically or sexually abused in our childhood?

All of the above factors can have a tremendous effect. The last factor would be our genes.

Apoliprotein E significance

Apoliprotein E (APO E) has been strongly implicated as a risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease. There is also a connection to heavy metal toxicity.

Apoliprotein E (APO E) has 299 amino acids with different ratios of cysteine and arginine at positions 112 and 158.

APO-E2 has 2 cysteins, APO-E3 has one cysteine and one arginine and APO E4 has two arginines. Arginine, unlike cysteine looks at the sulphydryl (SH) groups to potentially bind bivalent metals such as mercury, lead, copper or zinc. It becomes a logical possibility that metal accumulation increases in those chronically exposed individuals who had not inherited APO- E 2.

Lack of sulphydryl (SH) groups to bind bivalent metals such as mercury, lead, copper or zinc increases the accumulation of heavy metals. (Roses, AD, et "Apolipoprotein E genotyping as a diagnostic adjunct for Alzheimer’s disease". Int Psychogeriatrics. 119; 9 (suppl 1)277-288 and 317-321)

Distribution of Apoliprotein genotype in the population was examined in New Zealand by M. Godfrey:

1-2% of the population has homozygous APO-E4/4. 20% has heterozygous APO—E3/4, 50-60% has APO-E3/4; Reminder: E-2/2, E- 2/4, E-2/3. Chronic mercury toxicity is more common among people with APO-E 4/4 and APO- 3/ 4. (M. Godfrey, et. “Apolipoprotin E genotyping as a potential biomarker for mercury neurotoxicity”. J. of Alzheimer’s Diseases 5 (2003)189-195)

How to diagnose mercury toxicity

  • Acute toxicity (poisoning) by blood, urine and stool testing - only valid for 30 to 60 days following acute toxicity. This form of toxicity is very rare in everyday life. If we test routine blood, stool or urine from the patient, there will be no elevation in the mercury level; therefore, doctors may assume that there is no mercury toxicity. This test will be negative in cases of chronic toxicity. However, this is the test most frequently used by conventional MD’s. This may explain why most cases of chronic toxicity are missed.
  • To diagnose chronic toxicity we should use:
    • Urine random / provocation testing
    • Hair testing (controversial and most of the time negative; it is illegal in NY)
    • Stool random / provocation (difficult to collect)
    • Urine porphirin testing — not well established
    • Kinesiological testing — it is the least proven test; its accuracy depends on the tester. (It is my favorite test to see if toxicity is present and is later used to track the progress of chelation.)

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Why do we need provocation testing?

Without testing we cannot be sure that toxicity is actually present even though a lot of medicine is practiced without ever looking at what is causing the particular problem (for example, treatments for depression, anxiety, hypertension and other conditions). Patients can be exploited when they are told to buy dubious supplements that have never been proven effective for chelation; furthermore, without proper testing we cannot assume that toxicity is present. Patients can be tricked into using supplements that they do not need.

In the body, mercury is bound to a tissue, primarily the nervous cells, thus causing damage. A Provocation test can reveal the total burden to the body, i.e. how much mercury is in the whole body. It does not, however, specify which organ is affected. The test just gives an idea how severely the patient is affected by heavy metal toxicity. One of the best laboratories to do this testing is Doctor’s Data (http://doctorsdata.com/home.asp).

A Provocation test should always be preceded by a Random Test. The test will show how much the body is able to excrete (get rid of) mercury through urine. Random and provocation tests are compared. If there is little difference between them it can be because:

  • Patient does not have an issue with heavy metal toxicity.
  • There was an error in collecting, processing the test, or the provocation agent was defective.
  • Patient has difficulty excreting heavy metals, even though he/she has toxicity suspected by the clinical picture (false negative results).
Kinesiological testing may be one of the most reliable indicators of toxicity. It can also point to organs where mercury is still present. The only drawback is that it is not formally tested in medical studies and is not accepted by the medical establishment.

Is the provocation test dangerous?

For testing, we are using medications that can potentially cause side effects. Most of the side effects, however, are caused by using DMPS intravenously for provocation; we are using DMPS orally, not intravenously. The potential benefits and side effects should be considered in the process of deciding whether or not to do the test. I require patients to sign a consent form before the procedure. In my personal experience, and in the experience of sever al other experienced practitioners such as Drs. Klinghardt and Wojcik, serious side effects are extremely rare when DMPS is used orally and not intravenously, as it had been in the past. Patients should have a complete blood work prior to testing to be sure that he/she has adequate kidney and liver function.

Agents used for provocation testing

  • DMPS in doses of 500 mg or less, according to body weight or physical status, with urine collection for 6 or 24 hours. (Instructions for DMPS provocation test) Side effects are infrequent when DMPS is given as an oral agent. This test has become a gold standard in the industry. Intravenous DMPS is used very rarely for provocation testing because it can cause undesirable side effects for patients with reduced kidney function.
  • DMSA in doses of 500 mg orally, with subsequent urine collection for 6 or 24 hours. DMSA has less affinity for mercury, so it is not as revealing.
  • EDTA is not an effective oral agent, but sometimes it is used intravenously as a provocation agent. I do not use it at all.

Laboratory indicators for mercury toxicity

Acute toxicity can be determined by a blood mercury level, but under regular circumstances it is almost never needed.

Chronic toxicity is determined if there is a 10 fold increase between the pre- and post- challenge urinary mercury levels; or the post-challenge test is >5 mcg/g Creatine. Other norms exist and depend on the laboratory testing involved. (M. Dauderer "Mobilization test for environmental metal poisoning" Forum des practische und Algenende Artes 28 (1989), 88-90(transl))

Specific Urinary Porphyrin Profile- assesses chronic exposure to Mercury. Hg changes activity of uroporphynogen decarboxylaze (UROD) and coproporphynogen oxidase (CPOX). This test is available in some US laboratories, but it is not approved for use in NY.

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What is the evidence that removing heavy metal helps to resolve symptoms of psychiatric and physical conditions?

There has been very little interest in financing and doing outcome studies on chronic heavy metal toxicity. I will review some that are primarily applicable to psychiatry, roughly divided into four categories:
  • Studies in which amalgam fillings were replaced and patients were evaluated before and after;
  • Studies where amalgam fillings were replaced and antioxidant therapy was provided;
  • Studies were amalgam fillings were replaced and chelation or homeopathic treatment was provided;
  • Studies of autistic children.
R. Siblerud, Ph.D. conducted several small studies using psychological measurements evaluating patients with psychiatric conditions. In one study, before and after treatment scores on the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory-II (MMPI- II) were compared. 20 people were recruited through newspaper advertisement. They were given a choice to replace their amalgam fillings, or put sealant to prevent mercury from escaping. 11 manic depressive subjects who had their amalgams removed and 9 subjects with amalgams who were told they were being given a placebo or sealant were compared. The amalgam removal group improved significantly on 87 scales, as did their anxiety, anger, schizophrenia, paranoia and other behaviors. All scores of the nine dimensions in the symptom Check List 90 improved significantly in the group with amalgam removed. The amalgam removal group reported a 42% decrease in the number of somatic health problems after amalgam removal, compared to 8% increase in somatic symptoms in the placebo/sealant group. R. Siblerud, et: "Psychometric Evidence that Dental Amalgam Mercury may be an Etiological Factor in Manic Depression" J. of Orthomolecular Medicine; Vol. 13, No.1, 1998

In another study, scores of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), the Milton Clinical Multiracial Inventory II (MCM-II) and Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) were compared before and after dental amalgam removal of eight schizophrenic patients to scores six months after amalgam removal. Significant improvement was found in forty-one of the sixty-one component scales of MMPI-2 and 12 of 20 subscales including schizophrenia, hysteria, paranoia and anger. Four of nine dimensions improved significantly on the SCL-90 including depression, and psychotic and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. R. Siblerud, et al: "Psychometric Evidence that Dental Amalgam Mercury May be an Etiological Factor in Schizophrenia" J. of orthomolecular Medicine; Vol. 14. No 4, 1999

These studies show that by replacing amalgam fillings even patients with serious psychiatric conditions have chances to significantly improve their symptom.s

In a study done in Sweden by Ulf Lindh, 463 consecutively enrolled patients were referred by medical practitioners and dentists to the Center for Metal Biology, Uppsala, Sweden from 1991 to 1996. All of the patients experienced chronic, long-lasting, severe disease not explained by thorough examinations and laboratory tests. Out of 30 symptoms, the median number of symptoms was 19; 7% of patients experienced all 30 symptoms. Patients were found to have hypersensitivity or allergy to metals comprising dental alloys as diagnosed by MELISA (Memory Lymphocyte Immuno Stimulation Assay). They underwent removal of incompatible dental materials, such as dental amalgam (mercury compounds), gold alloys or non precious metal alloys and they completed a 30 question medical questionnaire before, during and after amalgam removal. In addition, patients underwent a very simple oral anti-oxidant treatment:

  • Vit. C 1900 mg/day
  • Vitamin B complex : B 1- 30 mg/day, B2- 30 mg/day, B3-150 mg/day B6-6 mg/day; Vit. E- 400-600 Units/day; Selenium- 400 mcg/day
  • Methylcobolamine-10 mg/Sq/week; and Folic Acid-10 mg /day for patients with positive markers for vitamin deficiency 72 % (334) of the patients had positive changes; 13.6 % (63) patients showed no difference in life quality and 12.9% (60) patients had negative consequences. (Ulf Lindh, "Removal of dental amalgam and other meal alloys supported by antioxidant therapy alleviates symptoms and improves quality of life in patients with amalgam-associated ill health" Neuroendocrinology letters, Nos. 5/6 Oct-Dec, Vol. 23, 2002)

There was again a significant improvement in the quality of life for 72 % of patients. The reason could be hypersensitivity or allergy to metals comprising dental alloys. It is a remarkable percentage considering that patients had not responded to any conventional treatment modality.

The most interesting study was done by Damian P. Wojcik, MD from New Zealand. (Damian P. Wojcik, et “Mercury toxicity presenting as a chronic fatigue, memory impairment and depression: Diagnosis, treatment, susceptibility, and outcomes in New Zealand general practice setting (1994-2006) Neuroendocrinology Letters, Vol. 27, no 4 2006 415-423). This was a retrospective study in which he examined and analyzed diagnostic and treatment results of over 1000 patients in a general New Zealand community practice over a ten year period. Patients who were clinically suspected of having Chronic Mercury Toxicity (CMT) were compared using a 124 symptoms questionnaire based on International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology (www.IOMT.org). Intravenous DMPS provocation testing was done wherever possible. (He did not report any significant negative reaction to intravenous use of DMPS- MG., private communication.) Most of these patients had symptoms not responding to any contemporary medical approach, including patients with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia, depression, manic-depressive illness and Alzheimer’s. Those patients who had identifiable signs of mercury toxicity and whose provocation test results were significantly above what would be normally expected, were treated for mercury toxicity. Patients with Chronic Mercury Toxicity (CMT) were advised to abstain from mercury contaminated fish, replace their amalgams with non-mercury composite restorations, and then complete a 3 month course of oral mercury chelation with DMSA (Di-mercapto-succinic acid) at a dose of 500 mg nightly thrice weekly (Mon, Wed, Fri) on alternative weeks for a total of 9 grams. Chlorella 3 grams per day was given for the DMSA weeks, as well as nutrient and anti-oxidant support. Only 33 patients completed follow-up DMPS provocation testing. Patients served as their own control.

Below are tables illustrating the results of the study:

Figure 1.   MEAN SYMPTOM SCORE POST TREATMENT
Figure 1 - Mean Symptom Score Post Treatment

As we can see the best results were achieved when amalgam replacement was combined with DMSA chelation.

Figure 2a.   FATIGUE SCORE
Figure 2a - Fatigue Score

Significant improvement was obtained when dental work was done in conjunction with DMSA chelation. Homeopathy appears to be an acceptable alternative for those who are reluctant to use DMSA.

Figure 2b.   LOSS OF MEMORY SCORE
Figure 2b - Loss of Memory Score

Figure 2c.   DEPRESSION SCORE
Figure 2c - Depression Score

Remarkable that treatment resistant depression can be treated using DMSA chelation.

Figure 3
SIMULTANEOUS DMPS URINE Hg TEST WITH SYMPTOM SCORES PRE AND POST TREATMENT
Figure 3 - SIMULTANEOUS DMPS URINE Hg TEST WITH SYMPTOM SCORES PRE AND POST TREATMENT

This study can provide an inspiration in approaching difficult to treat patients with complicated medical/psychiatric issues. What is remarkable is that not only did patients’ symptoms improve and in many cases get completely resolved, but most patients were followed for over eight years and the level of improvement was maintained. There is no other medical treatment that is available in psychiatry for the treatment of depression that will maintain a depression-free status after only three months of treatment.

However this study did have a number of issues. The main one being that design and testing changed several times and groups were put together artificially. A big obstacle was that the patients had to pay out of their pockets for many things, including heavy metal testing, dental work and some other treatments, so there was no consistency in treatment.

It is, however, the only study that compared those who removed amalgam fillings with those who did not; those who had DMSA chelation, or homeopathic treatment with those who did not. The study gives us practical unbiased direction in treatment alternatives!

The last set of studies deal with autism. Several studies, many practitioners and many parents have emphasized the possible connection between the autism epidemic and mercury toxicity. One of the hypotheses is that since 1984 the number of vaccinations given to children has dramatically increased and even though it may appear that the amounts of mercury that infants and toddlers were receiving were relatively small, injecting vaccines into the muscles and under the skin bypasses the usual defenses of the gastrointestinal tract and directly affects the central nervous system. In addition, the vaccines themselves have severe impact on the underdeveloped immune system. The autism epidemic onset coincides with the increased number of vaccinations given. The only groups of children free of autism are Pennsylvania Amish and 35,000 + children from a Chicago area of Christian believers receiving home schooling. Both groups have refused vaccinations. The incidences of asthma, allergies and ADHD in these groups are also extremely small. (Kenneth Bock, M.D. "Healing the new childhood epidemics: Autism, ADHD, Asthma and Allergies" Ballantine books, 2007).

The Autism Research Institute has been conducting an ongoing study of the parents of autistic children, collecting information on what intervention works and what does not. The most effective intervention has been chelation. Out of 627, 3% of the children got worse, 24 % did not improve and 73% had improvement! See "Parent Ratings of Behavioral Effects on Biomedical Interventions" for more information.

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What agents are used to treat mercury toxicity?

This is a list of pharmaceutical agents used for chelation.
  Chemical name Way of administration  
    IV Orally Rectally Crosses
BBB
Pros Cons FDA
approved
EDTA Ethylene-
diaminetetra-
acetic acid
+ + + Low toxicity Limited effectiveness in chelating mercury. Only 5% absorption when used orally. Expensive when used in IV form Yes
DMPS Dimercapto-
propane-
sulfonic acid
+ + Low toxicity and great effectiveness Quite expensive No
DMSA
(Chemet,
Captomer)
Dimercapto-
succinic acid
+ + + Low toxicity and good effectiveness   Yes
Cuprimine Penicillamine + ? + Possible toxicity Little information. Potentially great agent. Yes
Abbreviations:
IV — intravenously
BBB — blood brain barrier

EDTA is primarily used intravenously for the treatment of heart conditions. Currently there is a large double blind control study underway funded by NIH to assess the effectiveness of this treatment. If results are positive, it may change the way heart patients are treated. However, only 5 % of EDTA is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, so it is a poor oral agent. It also has low affinity for mercury; therefore those who have undergone treatment with EDTA may still have plenty of mercury in their organs, particularly in the brain.

DMPS is not available as a prescription medication in the US, but is available through compounding pharmacies. It is one of the most effective medications to remove mercury, particularly from the kidneys, but it is quite expensive. It is an agent used for provocation testing to assess the total body burden of heavy metals. It does not cross the blood brain barrier so it may not be an effective agent for people with emotional issues.

DMSA is an agent used in the Wojcik study and in many autistic children. It is my drug of choice for most of the patients.

Cupramine has not gained popularity and is rarely used, possibly due to some of its side effects.

In addition to the medications, there are several supplements being promoted for chelation. Unfortunately, there is no credible information confirming their effectiveness. Their use may be based on hype and promotional tactics without much evidence that they are effective. One of the most widely promoted agents is Metal Free, but it is quite expensive and has not been proven to be effective.

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How chelation should be administered

  • The most widely used schedule is 3/11, i.e., the chelating agent is given three times per day for three days, then 11 days off. I found this schedule to be difficult for most of my patients, particularly for those who are on several supplements that are controlling their symptoms, especially multivitamins and minerals.
  • The chelating agent is taken at night every second day (Monday, Wednesday and Friday), every second week. On the weeks when chelation is done patient does not take mineral supplementation. I found this schedule to be the easiest and most acceptable, although it may unduly prolong the treatment period.
  • Administer the chelating agent three times per week at night before bed. Nighttime is considered to be the time when the body most effectively eliminates toxins. On the days when chelation is given, minerals should be taken no later than 2 PM. On the days free of chelation, the schedule is more flexible. This regimen is followed by most of my patients without much confusion.
In addition to chelating agents there is a need to supplement minerals, work on improving functions of the kidney and liver, and supplement vitamins and antioxidants. See Protocol for chelating / removing toxic metals from body for more information.

For a holistic treatment to be most effective it should utilize treatment approached on all 5 levels. When chelation begins, patients start to resolve their psychological traumas. They have to be supported physically, energetically, psychologically and spiritually.

How long does it take to start to feel better?

After removal of amalgam fillings, if done by a good holistic dentist, patients quite often feel some sort of relief within a week or so. If it is done by a conventional dentist, there can be an aggravation of their condition lasting several weeks.

Chelation should be started with the smallest possible dose. The dose is gradually increased if the patient is able to tolerate it. Supplementation must accompany the process. Quite often people may start to feel lighter; within several weeks they may be ready to reduce medications and supplements. For most patients the process takes 3 to 7 months. However, if the patient continues to be exposed to mercury, for example, a connection to a dentist, the process may last as long as the exposure persists. Many holistic dentists practice life long chelation in order to protect their health. Because of that they are symptom free.

During chelation, every two months you will need to do a follow up laboratory evaluation and provocation test.

How to know when chelation is complete

There will be several indicators that chelation is complete. First, you will feel better and there will be less need for medications and supplements. Laboratory testing will show that amounts of heavy metals are decreasing. And finally, kinesiological testing will guide you toward treatment completion.

What is the success rate?

The studies we reviewed showed that about 75% of patients have either improvement or complete resolution of symptoms. I think the percentage could be even higher if all necessary modalities are applied. But it is important to be patient. If side effects occur, do not panic, but rather discuss them with me. It is a team effort to help you regain your health to its fullest potential.

Outcome studies are needed. To contribute to scientific truthfulness I will ask you to cooperate in answering several questionnaires about your condition and progress.

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Concluding thoughts

  • Mercury and other toxic metals are prevalent in our environment and have significant negative influence over our health. They are important factors in creating chronic toxicity.
  • Chronic toxicity of mercury and other toxic metals has been overlooked by conventional western medicine.
  • The approach to chronic mercury toxicity is in its infancy. There is some anecdotal experience, but only a few studies have been reported in mainstream literature. My personal experience is considered to be subjective as well.
  • Several available studies report remarkable results, up to 73 % in symptom improvement and even full resolution of symptoms. The side effects of this approach have been negligible when compared with the side effects from the continuous need to take medications.
  • Reported effectiveness of chelation treatment far exceeds most of the conventional treatment approaches.
  • The list of patients who may be suffering from chronic mercury and other heavy metal toxicity could be much larger than has been suspected.
  • Patients who are planning to undergo chelation therapy should first remove all sources of ongoing toxicity, primarily replacing amalgam fillings and eliminating large predatory fish from their diet.
  • To be successful, treatment should be conducted on all five levels, including change in diet, exercise, eliminating unnecessary medication and supplements, and addressing energetic, emotional, transpersonal and spiritual issues.
  • Because mercury affects the nervous and multiple enzyme systems, we should consider it as a possible cause for many chronic psychiatric, neurological and physical conditions.
  • My anecdotal experience has shown that it is possible to cure treatment resistant cases of depression, psychosis, anxiety and OCD.
  • The chelation process is generally a safe and effective way to restore health.
  • Kinesiological testing is effective as a guide in suspecting mercury toxicity and can aid in treatment choices.
  • There is an urgent need for conducting studies that explore heavy metal toxicity issues. Dr. Wojcik’s remarkable study, done with very little support, is a great example for holistically-minded practitioners.
  • More research is needed. The studies should be prospective, randomized, lasting 2+ years, and include treatment resistant cases; they should compare contemporary western approach with CAM on a number of parameters, such as symptoms resolution, side effects, cost, total health changes, ability to achieve full remission, happiness and satisfaction with life.
I am thankful to my patients for allowing me to report their cases and I ask them to be patient with me while I am learning how to help them in the most effective way.

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Protocol for Chelation

Find a .pdf version of the Protocol for chelating / removing toxic metals from the body.

Additional notes on how to do chelation protocol:

Chelation is an important process of eliminating toxic metals from the body. The process may take from two to twelve months. We will be going through the steps of oral chelation. There are, however, some important tenets to follow:
  1. A high fiber diet is required (see additional notes on diet). In order to eliminate toxins from your system, your body must be maintained in an alkaline state. This may be accomplished by eliminating junk food (sugar, processed food, and refined carbohydrates), red meat, alcohol, etc.
  2. You should have at least 1-3 bowel movements daily. If a problem exists, use stool softeners such as sugar-free Metamucil and One Beyond Fiber.
  3. Drink 3 quarts of water daily to hydrate the system and wash out the toxins.
  4. On the days that you take Chemet (DMSA), finish taking any minerals by 3PM.
  5. Repeat blood work and provocation test every two months.

Steps of oral chelation

  1. DMSA (Chemet) is the main chelating agent that you will use. Take it 3x/week at least 2 hours after dinner (Monday, Wednesday and Friday nights before bedtime). The usual dose is 10mg/kg/dose or 30mg/kg/day (1lb=0.45kg; 1kg=2.2lbs). To minimize side effects, start with 100mg at night and gradually increase to a full dose over a 2-3 week time frame. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal: nausea, diarrhea, loss of appetite, loose stools and/or metallic taste in mouth. There can also be transient liver enzyme elevation. If gastrointestinal symptoms bother you, use Peppermint tea or tablets, or activated charcoal (2-3caps at night). If a rash occurs notify a physician.
  2. L-Glycine is a non-essential amino acid abundantly present in food. Consume 2 hours prior to DMSA. Its role is to transport metals from inside the cells to the outside of the cells where it can be bound by DMSA and removed from the body. The dose is 45mg/kg. Possible contraindications include psychosis, high ammonia levels and/or kidney stones (oxalic acid).
  3. Multivitamins with minerals are essential. We are using a comprehensive mineral/vitamin/amino acid complex called "Doc‘s Best".
  4. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) reduces toxicity by eliminating multiple toxins, including heavy metals. Vitamin C dosage is calculated by using the Vitamin C flush test (see below).
  5. NAC (N-acetyl-cysteine) increases glutathione body levels. This is the main amino acid helping in detoxification.
  6. Alpha-lipoid acid is a powerful antioxidant that mobilizes heavy metals to enhance the chelation process. It has a protective effect on the nervous system.
  7. Zinc Picolinate increases the body’s production of metallotionen. It protects the kidneys by blocking the absorption of arsenic, cadmium, and mercury. It improves the glutathione level as well.
  8. Magnesium is one of the most deficient nutrients in toxic patients. They tend to excrete high amounts of magnesium. Magnesium is an essential element in over 400 enzymatic body reactions. It is essential for proper liver function activity. We use Magnesium Taurate 125mg capsules (2-3caps, 2x/day). If the dose is too high, the only side effect would be loose bowel movements.
  9. Selenium Picolinate is an essential mineral that increases the glutathione level and reduces toxicity. A deficiency results in chelation side effects.
  10. Liver function and Psyllium are needed to bind toxins in the bowel thus preventing their re-absorption. They also increase hepatic enzyme activity, increase daily fecal bile concentration and excretion, lower cholesterol and lower elevated blood sugar.
  11. Vitamin E 400 IU as mixed tocopherols is an important antioxidant for membrane stabilization. It reduces the body mercury level.
  12. MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) enhances the liver detoxification process.
  13. Probiotic therapy is important for restoring normal levels of good bacteria in the intestines.
  14. Cilantro is an herb that assists in the mobilization of mercury from the brain.
  15. Garlic is an important herb that restores normal levels of intestinal bacteria and improves chelation. Consume fresh or freeze-dried garlic. Chew parsley to decrease odor.
  16. Uva Ursi 75mg and Marshmallow 75mgs are herbs that protect the kidneys from the heavy metals that are being eliminated.
  17. Copper 1-4mg/day replenishes levels that were chelated and excreted.
  18. Potassium 3000mg (Potassium Citrate aids in mercury removal from the body) has enhancing effects with DMSA and alkalinizes the urine.
Notes: 1x2= 1 cap twice daily; 2x2 = two caps twice daily; 3x2 = 3caps twice daily.

Vitamin C Flush test

We differ in how much Vitamin C (Vit C) or ascorbic acid we need at any given time of our lives. Vit C needs change and vary depending upon our health and nutritional state. If we have a cold, or body toxicity, our Vit C needs are greater than usual. The body has several ways to regulate Vit C levels. The first is the intestinal transport mechanism which limits the amount of Vit C tolerated. The rationale of this mechanism is being used in the Vit C flush test.

It is important to know which type of Vit C is being consumed. Different forms of Vit C are commercially available. Most forms are usually synthetic ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid comes in 2 forms or polymers: left (L) or right ®. They are look-alike mirror images but only the L polymer is biologically active, i.e. has value for our body functions. The human body can only utilize the L form of ascorbic acid. Unfortunately, most of the commercially sold ascorbic acid does not make a distinction between forms L and R. One company I recommend is Perque Potent C Guard, buffered ascorbate, which uses 100% L-ascorbate. It comes in 2 forms, pill or powder. Powder is easier to absorb, but pills are easier to handle. Vit C is an essential component in the chelation protocol. It is a known free-radical scavenger and has its own chelating properties.

How to do the Vitamin C flush test

Several hours are required for test completion. Plan to have close access to the bathroom throughout testing. It is easier to do the test with the powdered form of buffered Vit C. You will need to keep notes each time you take Vit C. Start the dose on an empty stomach.

Start taking 1/2tsp of Vit C powder diluted in water or juice, every 15 minutes and record the time of each dose. If after 4-5 doses there is no diarrhea, start taking 1 tsp of Vit C powder. When you have repetitive loose bowel movements, your intestines are signaling that they have reached a critical tolerance level of Vit C absorption. Give your body a rest for a few days.

Each tsp contains 3000 mg (3 gms) of Vit C. If you are taking pills, it is easier to dose but takes much longer for absorption and for your body to respond. Your Vit C body requirements can vary between 5ooo mg and 40000 mg.

For the next week or so you will need to take 75% of the achieved dose per day, in divided doses. For example, if you began running to the bathroom after taking 10,000mg Vit C, then your daily dose for the next week should be 7500mg/day divided into 3 doses making it 2500mg/dose. You can ingest the Vit C as pills or dissolved powder. Keep the dissolved powder with water in a dark bottle. Keep refrigerated and sip it all day long.

You may need to repeat the Vit C flush test weekly or every other week. In due time your tolerance will decrease and you will require less dosage.

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